In contrast to this, modern philosophy has abolished the idea of a universal human nature. Traditionally, the idea of right ( ius) implied an objectively correct state of affairs wherein a human being behaves and is treated in a manner befitting that human nature. In recent decades, the concept of a “right” has been separated from its objective grounding in human nature, and so it has become a purely theoretical reality which is infinitely malleable. If it is true that we are a divided nation, I would suggest that the ultimate source of our divisions today lies in our radically divergent understanding of rights. Thomas and the Catholic natural law tradition nevertheless, it is clear that the natural law permeated their thinking indirectly through the shared Christian culture and the heritage of British common law. One may object that the founders were not directly influenced by St. Thus, only through a natural law argument can an objective notion of rights be delineated. Furthermore, we can also know that we are in agreement with the Founders who wrote the Declaration as well as all those generations who will inherit this nation from us. Only if we define rights as they are understood by the natural law can we be confident that there is reasoned agreement between citizens. It is therefore an objective referent that can be discovered by reason anytime and anywhere. Human nature is a universal and unchanging reality which remains the same all over the world and throughout history. The natural law insists that rights are grounded in the reality of human nature. I would suggest that the founding principles of “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness” can only be properly understood from the perspective of natural law.
If America is to survive as a civilization, we need to engage the public argument in order to rediscover the real meaning of these rights we must agree on them as the common principles that constitute our moral union as a nation. Each of these trends erode society, for if we lack agreement on these basic principles, we cannot hope to attain agreement on more controversial issues.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE LIFE LIBERTY AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS TEXT LICENSE
The right to life is questioned, especially for those at the beginning of life and those near its end the idea of liberty has come to be understood as a libertine autonomy which pursues unfettered individual expression as the sole goal of life and the pursuit of happiness is no longer seen to be the common good pursued by men together, but is now taken to license radical anti-social individualism.
It is clear there is little agreement about the meaning of even these most basic principles. It has become a cliché that America is a divided country.
Otherwise the consensus may come to seem simply a projection of ephemeral experience, a passing shadow on the vanishing backdrop of some given historical scene, without the permanence proper to truths that are ‘held.’” Murray recognizes that without this argument, society would lack a stable foundation: “In the public argument there must consequently be a continued recurrence to first principles. This argument must be made continually, for the people must be convinced that these values are true, and that there is in fact agreement about their meaning. Thus, at the heart of every civilization, there must be an ongoing argument concerning the values that hold the people together. He begins his analysis by reminding the reader that civilization is formed by men who create a community through deliberation. John Courtney Murray, SJ, reflected on the American political tradition in his book We Hold These Truths. Rather, they need to be the principles that illuminate public debate and guide public reason. This is why these words should not merely be a text displayed in the museum of national memory. I have no doubt most Americans can recite these words from memory but I have great doubts that Americans interpret them in the same way. Yet it is crucial for us to revisit this patrimony. As we celebrate once again the anniversary of our nation’s Declaration of Independence, we can rightfully take pride in its recognition that all men are “endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” These words remind those in government, not just in this country but in all nations, of the limits of their power, a moral boundary that must never be violated if the government is to retain its legitimacy.
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